2010年10月11日 星期一

高盛被告

普立茲獎得主 Gretchen C. Morgenson, 紐約時報財經專欄記者, 深入調查此次金融風暴

高盛發明了 CDO, 當房市泡沫破裂, 被打回原型 – 劇毒資產

高盛被 證管會 起訴 詐欺, 理由是玩兩手技倆:

  • 一手賣 CDO, 另一手避險基金大套利
  • 刻意隱瞞投資人 ( CDO was meant to fail)
    司法部 開了刑事案件 調查, 高盛主管於國會作證
    高盛拿了納稅人 100 億美元, 去年連本帶利還清
    高盛最終與司法部門賠錢和解

    Overview
    當時華爾街銀行風行次級房貸. 變本加厲者有之, 非 synthetic CDO莫屬 (此物不包含任何房貸, 而只是 refer to 其他房貸), 高盛, 美林, 德意志銀行都搞這套
    買賣本是兩相情願, 司法部門調查眼光喵到高盛的原因是,高盛旗下一特定產品涉及詐欺.
    証管會的說法…
    · 高盛大客戶, 避險基金Paulson & Company Hedge Fund, 與高盛聯手, Paulson選股設計商品, 高盛推銷給其他客人,市場崩盤Paulson狂賺

    · Paulson雙重定位 (本身是避險基金, 化身為設計金融商品) 雖是兩手策略, 但合法
    · Paulson利己動機 (必選擇劣質房貸, 毒化資產組合, 當市場崩盤, 本尊避險基金大賺)
    · Paulson 並沒有 “職業義務” 告知投資者金融商品細節, 因為他不是賣方

    · 高盛明知, 卻刻意隱瞞其他客人 (Paulson的定位與動機)
    · 論常理, 賣方販售優質商品, (以債券為例, 應該會持續支付利息給債權人), 而非販賣劣質商品 (以債券為例, 選擇有毒帶原品). *誰會推銷 “凶宅, 風水糟, 保證厄運”
    · 高盛人前推銷次級房貸證券/有毒資產給客戶, 人後下注赌市場崩盤 (或預測會倒)
    · 高盛是賣方, 應負 “職業義務” (full disclosure of material information) 揭露資訊

    · 比喻: Paulson設計一個定時炸彈 (當爆炸, Paulson賺), 高盛一方面推銷給客戶, 說這個讚 (沒說Paulson 設計成定時炸彈), 高盛另一方面大買爆炸險, 當爆炸, 則高盛賺

    高盛的說法…天知道房市會倒, 房貸跳票, 金融崩盤?

    刑事案件
    華爾街投資銀行從事 “利益衝突” 行為不勝枚舉:
    · 內線消息: Knowing what the customers are doing, or about to do (inside info.)
    · 個案得利: 得知動向 inside info., trade ahead of clients, profit from that inside info.
    Trading ahead: you are not supposed to trade ahead of your customers because it makes the market moves ahead of the customers and gives them a worse price than they would have gotten otherwise…
    Inside info.: you are supposed to keep the information to yourself and not use it, not take advantage of it, and not profit from it…
    · 舉例: 假如投資銀行知道企業金融的下一步, 或者合併併購的下一步, 這些資訊都會巨幅影響市場. 若處在監控座位,監控整體交易走勢, 亦會給 brokerage firm特權

    · 究竟有沒有法規? 是否嚴格杜絕銀行不當得利? 銀行說有 (廢話, 要是我也會說有法管制, 而且法網恢恢, 輸而不露)

    · The truth is: The firms that sold them are regulated, but the instruments are not regulated

    以本案而言, 核心議題是
    · The disclosure of the transaction, its creation, of its structure
    · 有義務告知投資人– “The design to fail element”
    · 時至今日, 為什麼金融機構之間對賭 (幾場衛生麻將) , 會擴大災情導致金融失序, 令人難以理解

    高盛 CEO說
    · 高盛是販賣機, 讓客人買賣她們 “想”買賣的東西
    We’re like a machine that lets people buy and sell what they WANT TO BUY AND SELL. That’s not the advisory business, that’s just the facility for market making.

    證據顯示 (國會調查顯示高盛內部電子郵件)
    · It’s aggressively sold (pushy sales), not bought
    · 並非投資大眾主動找高盛, 請求買這種投資組合
    This was not popular stuff flying off the shelf (i.e. Google IPO)
    · Like other things on the street, these portfolios were sold, not bought
    · 高盛裁示…“ Increase the sales commission, move merchandise out of the inventory…”高盛的業務員非常賣力在推銷 (有毒債券)

    被告 (高盧人, 他說金融創新是在腦子裡 … 算了, 我的部落格分級是老少咸宜),
    · 其所作所為created more losses for the same amount of SPL
    · 其所謂金融創新 had no social purpose, does not create jobs, does not create wealth for large amounts of people, just about transfer wealth from them to picking portfolio benefit

    AIG的定位與影響
    · Ensured so many bets that went down
    · AIG帳上仍積欠高盛許多, 所以美國政府決定支付高盛, 打消AIG呆帳
    · 令人不解的是美國政府沒跟高盛討價還價, 而是全額支付100 cents on the dollar
    · 問題是, 其他機構也需要政府援助, 都被殺價: 22 cents, 30 cents on the dollar
    · 為什麼美國政府不幫納稅人看緊荷包? 為什麼美國政府對高盛那麼凱? “…to save tax payers dollars, so you’re going to take less on a dollar, 50, 70, 80…”

    高盛逼AIG最凶最急… “pay up immediately”
    · 高盛要AIG馬上還錢並無不對, 但我們應該研究 …
    · 定價模型是怎麼回事: 闖禍前說價值連城, 闖禍後一文不值, 等貨不等價
    · 憑什麼決定一元賠一元, 依據? (水平比較其他接受援助例子, 垂直比較共體時間
    · 高盛立刻從投資銀行轉型為 Bank holding company (就可以接受Feds援助與資源), 為什麼?


    評等機構: 未盡職責, 資訊, 人才流失
    · 最糟糕的產品卻被評價為最佳 (從AAA打回垃圾原型)
    · 未善盡職責, 根本沒有調查研究產品內容
    · 評等機構將其評等模型分享給華爾街, 華爾街公司 learned how to massage the model, game the system. Put lesser quality into this, still get a higher rating.
    · 楚材晉用 (待遇差距), 華爾街hired analysts from the rating agencies, to hide, or make it look better what it really is

    · 搜查出S&P的email, 發現 “發行產品的投資銀行 (高盛), 會軟硬兼施威脅評等機構, 如果你不給我高評價, 那我就找別家評等機構 (比方說Moody’s, Fitch), 送走財神爺”
    · 並非買方 (大眾) 付錢給評等機構, 而是賣方 (金融機構) 付錢給評等機構, 評等機構的收入來自被評等的發行銀行 (利益衝突)

    避險基金出事, 究竟是誰責任??
    · Moody說當時並不知道Paulson是選投資組合, 是高盛沒盡義務, 隱瞞資訊
    · 高盛說: 買方 (大眾) 自己要負責, 自己要調查, 高盛只是個販賣機, 從沒有推銷商品圖利自己…
    · 大眾說: 評等機構是幹麻的? 難不成幾千筆房貸資料要親力親為 (加上資訊不透明), 代理制度 (評等機構) 怎可輕易脫身…

    說完了….你說呢?

The Last Opinion of Justice Hugo Black, The First Amendment

In 1971 US Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black wrote...

''In the First Amendment the founding fathers gave the free press the protection it must have to fulfil its essential role in our democracy. The press was to serve the governed, not the governors. The government's power to censor the press was abolished so that the press would remain forever free to censure the government. The press was protected so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people. Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government. And paramount among the responsibilities of a free press is the duty to prevent any part of the government from deceiving the people and sending them to distant lands to die of foreign fevers and foreign shot and shell.''

... Hugo Black was not in good health when he sat on the bench and heard the case. This was his last opinion, and within three months he passed away...